As a formal official post, the governor first appeared in the sixth orthodox year (1441) of Zhu Qi Zhen, Emperor Yingzong of the Ming Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, the governor gradually formed a custom, sitting in an important city of a province and becoming the highest local military and political chief of a province or several provinces. It can be said that "the horse is in charge of the army and the horse is in charge of the people".
However, in the Qing Dynasty, there were two governors in Jiangsu Province. One was the governor of Liangjiang who worked in Nanjing, and the other was the governor of Caoyun who worked in Huai 'an. The phenomenon of two governors in one province was a spectacle in the Qing court.
Governor of Liangjiang: a high-ranking official of Xinjiang
The title of Liangjiang governor began in the 21st year of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty (1682 AD), because its jurisdiction was Jiangnan Province and Jiangxi Province "Liangjiang". Later, the Jiangnan Province was divided into Anhui and Jiangsu provinces, so the Governor of Liangjiang became the only general in charge of the three provinces, and was stationed in Nanjing. The governor of the two rivers itself belongs to the two products, and later many governors are at the same time leading the ministry of war Shangshu official title, so the grade to from a product (of course, this lead just enjoys its political treatment, not concurrently granted Shangshu real post) 39bet-đua chó-game giải trí -đá gà-đá gà trực tuyến-đánh bài.
After the Opium War, the Governor of Liangjiang also held the post of Minister of Trade of Southern Ocean, which was in correspondence with the Governor of Zhili who held the post of Minister of Trade of Northern Ocean, thus increasing the special power in diplomacy and economy and trade. Therefore, the Governor of Liangjiang was not only a local bigwig, but also a very prominent and important presence in the whole court.
Governor of Caotransport: a very wide range of professional officers
In contrast, the history of Caotransport governor is longer, as early as the Ming Dynasty in the second year of Zong Jingtai set up this official title, mainly responsible for the southern provinces through the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal to transport grain supplies to the capital. It continued to be used in the Qing Dynasty, and was stationed in Huai 'an, Jiangsu, an important town on the canal. Its level is also two products, plus the title is from a product. Like the Governor of Liangjiang and other local governors, the Governor of Caoyun also had an army directly under his jurisdiction, and because of his professionalism, he also had a navy battalion, which general governors did not have. The difference is that the local governor's army is called "Governor's mark", and the grain transport governor's is called "Caobiao", so the grain transport governor can also be called "Cao Shuai", and his yamen is called "Palace Yamen of the Main Transport Ministry", which is different from the local governor's Yamen.
Sounds, the governor seems to be grain transportation management transport logistics, actually otherwise, in addition to waterway transportation, all of the wharf, warehouse, fleet, shipyard, and so on all matters related to its jurisdiction, and canal, in fact, the radiation power, shandong, henan, jiangsu, anhui, jiangxi, zhejiang, hubei, hunan and other eight provinces.
In addition, the Caobang (the predecessor of the Green Gang), a famous "social organization" dotted with rivers and docks in the Qing Dynasty, was in fact subject to its restraint. Moreover, in some special periods (such as the suppression of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom), the CAOYUN governor could also exercise military and political jurisdiction over some areas along the canal due to the consideration of using troops. It can be said that the Viceroy of the grain transport system is not just a "transport captain" so simple.
One is fading and one is rising.
Just from the grade, status and so on, it can be said that the two sides are basically in a state of equivalence, but the difference is that the development trend of the two sides is different. In the middle and early period of the Qing Dynasty, the viceroy of grain transport was in a very important position because it was related to the lifeblood of the country, so he was in a detached position at the viceroy level. For example, Emperor Kangxi said that "to three vassal and river affairs, grain transport as the three major events, the day and night to read, hence the family book, hanging on the palace pillar", the status of grain transport can be seen.
However, since the late Qing Dynasty, this situation began to show earth-shaking changes. First of all, the frequent natural disasters in the Yellow River basin and the repeated breaches and diversion caused the gradual obstruction of the canal, which could not be used normally, and the productivity level and corruption at that time could not effectively control it, so the canal was in a state of dilapidated.
At the same time, along with time progress and the development of science and technology, maritime transport and railway transport are springing up and rapid development, the biggest impact of inland water transport and replacing them gradually, so the governor grain transportation gradually reduced to nothing to do "lie flat" state, just because the qing court has a corrupt system of feudal bureaucratic inertia to retain.
Liangjiang governor, by contrast, is a kind of rising stage, the agriculture, handicraft industry within its jurisdiction is very rich, also has been the economic center, the qing dynasty, especially after the opium war, with the development of the westernization movement, the jurisdiction is modern enterprise, the development of the economy has been growing by leaps and bounds, while the jurisdiction is many coastal ports along the river, Therefore, he was given a part-time job as the Minister of Foreign Trade, and was given the power of foreign trade and economic cooperation on the basis of local officials, which was in sharp contrast to the decline of the governor of grain transport.
A typical example is that Wu Tang, an important minister in the late Qing Dynasty, took charge of the Caoyun Yamen as Jiangning commissary in charge (from Erpin) in 1861, by virtue of his position as a close friend and favorite of Empress Dowager Cixi, and his achievements in suppressing Taiping and Nian Army. In 1863, Wu Tang was officially appointed as Caoyun governor (in 1853, Wu Tang was only a county magistrate of Zhengqi Pin. This "rocket" promotion really reflects the Queen's love for him.) However, Wu Tang thinks that the canal governor is already unworthy of the name, no real power, so thinking of Zeng Guofan served as the governor of the two rivers. Although Wu Tang had the support of Empress Dowager Cixi, Zeng Shaotou, who held more than 100,000 Xiang troops, was not willing to give up his hand easily. As a result, the two sides were locked in stalemate.
In the end, Empress Dowager Cixi made Ma Xinyi, then governor of Fujian and Zhejiang Province, become governor of Liangjiang (two years later, he was killed by the assassin Zhang Wenxiang), which temporarily settled the dispute (Cixi changed Zeng Guofan to governor of Zhili Province and Wu Tang to governor of Guangdong and Guangdong Province, which was to everyone's satisfaction). It can be seen that at that time the governor of the two rivers and the grain transport of the governor's weight has been high if judged.
There are overlapping jurisdictions, but they are mostly peaceful.
Although one is mainly local military and political affairs, the other is mainly grain transportation. In fact, they inevitably overlap in many ways. The jurisdiction of the governor of Liangjiang was also an important agricultural production area of the Qing Dynasty and an important supply place for grain and grass materials transported to the capital. One of the important duties of the governor of Liangjiang also included grain transport, which overlapped the functions of the governor of grain transport to some extent.
In the late Qing Dynasty, the viceroy of Caoyun also had military and political jurisdiction over some areas along the river in northern Jiangsu, which belonged to the management category of the viceroy of the two rivers, so there was some overlap. Because the boundaries of jurisdiction and authority are not clearly demarcated, it is inevitable that the two governors of the same province will have power disputes. But in comparison, after all, the main business nature is completely different, contradictions are not uncommon.
Grain transportation, by contrast, the governor is more of a business and also in charge of water and flood control of the river channel. The governor created business disputes (such as kangxi twenty-seven years to 1688, then the governor for grain transportation day yan think governor JinFu river by water conservation embankment can affect grain transportation by canal and against the violent conflict, as the most support for days in yan).
For the governor of Liangjiang, the governor of Jiangsu sitting in Suzhou could have been an even more formidable opponent (for example, in 1711, in the fiftieth year of Kangxi, the governor of Liangjiang, Gari, and the governor of Jiangsu, Zhang Boxing, joined in the attack on each other, resulting in a sensational "mutual participation case").
The viceroy of Caoyun, which had lost its meaning in the late Qing Dynasty, was officially abolished by the Qing Court in 1905. The viceroy of Liangjiang, which seemed to have infinite scenery, also ceased to exist with the collapse of the Qing Dynasty a few years later. The viceroy of one province and two viceroys eventually disappeared into a long history.