Brief History of Chinese Adult Education Adult education was once known as workers and peasants, also known as amateur education. In recent years, with the expansion of education and the diversification of lessons, it has been officially called adult education.
In 1949, the "Common Program" formulated by the temporary constitution in the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference clearly stated that "to strengthen the amateur education and in -service cadre education of workers." In 1950, the Government Council (that is, the later State Council) issued instructions to determine that the education and peasant education was listed as the focus of national education. In response to the serious situation of more than 80 % of the total illiterate population at that time, in September of the same year, the Central People's Government issued a call for "literacy education and gradually reducing illiterate". From 1949 to 1966, it was the beginning and development of adult education in New China. From 1966 to 1976, adult education was difficult to develop normally due to the "Cultural Revolution" ten years. Since then, adult education has recovered rapidly and flourished. By 1987, the Chinese government officially confirmed that "adult education is an important part of my country's education", "it is a necessary condition for contemporary socio -economic development and scientific and technological progress." The "Outline of China's Education Reform and Development" promulgated in 1993 clearly stated that "Adult education is a new type of education system for traditional school education to the development of lifelong education, which plays an important role in continuously improving the quality of the whole nation and promoting economic and social development." The Education Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1995 stipulates that the state implements the adult education system.
This Chinese adult education objects and content
The functions of Chinese adult education mainly include the following aspects:
Persons who need to change positions in production positions, as well as education and training of cultural knowledge, professional technology and practical ability that they do not have to perform their duties that they do not have to perform their responsibilities; 2. 2. Criticize literacy education; 3. For those who have left regular schools, according to their cultural foundation and actual needs, continue to conduct basic education or higher education, qualified persons can obtain the corresponding graduation certificate; 4. For professional and technical personnel who have received higher education Continuous education with managers to update and expand knowledge and improve their ability; 5. Carry out legal knowledge, maternal and child health, elderly health care, family life, art calligraphy, beauty, hairdressing, cooking nutrition, flower cultivation and other content, social and cultural life education , Educational services for the elderly, women, and even all citizens, civilized, healthy and scientific lifestyles.
This Chinese adult education system and school -running form
The organizer of adult education in China, including the education administrative department of the State Council, province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the Central Government , Environmental protection, chemical industry, light industry, coal, metallurgy, railway, transportation, agriculture, forestry and other industries, including factory, mining enterprises and institutions, and county, township (town) people's government. At the same time, organizations at all levels, Communist Youth League, Women's Federation and other organizations have also organized or united with the education department to organize school -oriented schools or institutions in this system or region; Individual citizen can also organize adult education institutions for tuition and tutoring cultural courses, vocational technical education courses and social cultural life education courses.
The form of school running, including radio and television universities, employee colleges, peasant colleges, management cadre colleges, education colleges, independent correspondence colleges, adult education organized by ordinary colleges, , Teachers 'further studies), satellite television education, and higher education self -study examinations such as adults, adult technical secondary school schools, adult middle schools, adult technology training schools, farmers' cultural and technical schools, agricultural radio and television schools, and technical secondary school self -study examinations. Primary education. In addition, there are various correspondence, training, and tutoring, and faculty schools. The above -mentioned school -run institutions provide scholars with a variety of learning methods; those who are teaching in full -time classrooms will guide self -study by providing textbooks and recording and video materials; some those who have full output and semi -semi -producing learning, and also use amateur ways to learn. These school -run institutions have opened a variety of majors of arts, science, work, agriculture, medical, financial, education, education, and sports according to their social needs and their own conditions. Seeking scholars' needs to determine the teaching content. Taking farmers' education as an example, due to the adjustment of the industrial structure and the requirements of farmers to become rich, rural adult education has developed from the previous simple literacy and culture to the farmers, forests, animal husbandry, vice, and fishing required for cultural knowledge and development. As well as the training system for knowledge of township industry, commerce, construction, transportation, and service industry.
The school specifications include academic education and non -academic education. Education education includes undergraduate, college, technical secondary school, and middle school. Non -academic education includes blind sweeping, rural practical technical training, job training, vocational qualification certificate education, and education, and education. "Professional Certificate" education and post -university continuing education.
The status quo of adult education in China
from 1978 to 1998, a total of 76.93 million articles were cleared nationwide, and more than 200 million people have reached more than 200 million people since the army. Two -thirds of counties (cities) in the country reached more than 95 %, and urban employees basically removed illiterate. Since 1984, 10 units in my country have won the International Blind Award from UNESCO. According to the plan, the task of basically eliminating the illiterate of young people will be completed by the end of this century. From 1979 to 1998, 500 million rural workers participated in various practical technology training. In recent years, the average annual training scale of rural adult schools at all levels has reached more than 70 million. The country's three -level adult education and training network of counties, townships, and villages has been initially formed.
The number of people participating in post training across the country has developed steadily. From 1986 to 1997, the number of trainers participating in the training of the whole people and collective enterprises and institutions was 348 million. In recent years, the continuing education of scientific and technological personnel and management cadres has been extensively carried out after universities, which have been fully carried out in universities, and millions of people participate in their studies each year.
The 20 years of reform and opening up, adult higher education has graduated with a total of 9.2421 million college students. Since the establishment of the higher education self -study examination system, the number of applicants has reached more than 20 million. In 1998, the number of adult junior, middle schools, and colleges and universities reached 5.3855 million, 67.1277 million, and 2.822 million, respectively.
Recently, the conditions of the school building, teaching instruments, equipment, and teachers of adult education units have been greatly enriched and improved, and the quality and efficiency of school running have continued to improve. At present, there are 962 adult colleges and universities that are independent, 203,900 faculty members, and more than 400,000 adult secondary schools in general colleges and universities with corresponding correspondence and night universities. The school has become an important educational resource in my country.
The management institutions and organizations
The adult education in China is uniformly managed by the Ministry of Education. Among them, the Department of Education and Adult Education, the Department of Higher Education, and the Department of Basic Education are responsible for adult education Related affairs. Provincial, autonomous regions, municipalities, and local (cities), counties, townships (towns) all have adult education management institutions in the education department, and are equipped with full -time managers. The cooperation agencies of non -governmental departments include the National Federation of Trade Unions, the National Women's Federation and the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League. They are responsible for guaranteeing and promoting employees, women, and young people to participate in adult education and learning. The Chinese Association for Science and Technology is responsible for the education and training tasks of scientific and technological knowledge and application technology in adults. Another important partner of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is the China Adult Education Association. Established in 1981, it is the mass and academic social groups of adult educators across the country. Its tasks are to promote, organize, and coordinate adult education activities, provide consultation, conduct training, publish publications, and carry out domestic and international exchanges. The Association joined the International Adult Education Council in 1983, and in 1988, and the Asia -Pacific Adult Education Association. There are direct research organizations under the association, such as the Institute of Light Scanning Education, Adult Higher Education Research Association, Enterprise Education Research Association, and Rural Adult Education Research Association. In addition, there are cooperative groups such as the China Employees Education Association and China Continuing Engineering Education Association.
The development strategy
The early 21st century, Chinese adult education will focus on job training, continuing education and community education. Adopting flexible and diverse forms of school running, so that all kinds of laid -off and transfer personnel can receive vocational training or formal education at different levels and years, serve re -employment engineering, and standardize and institutionalize them; vigorously develop modern long -range education and vocational qualifications Certificate education and its continuing education; improve the self -study examination system, form a social and open education network; carry out experimental work of community education, gradually establish and improve the lifelong education system, and strive to improve the quality of the whole people.
In rural areas, we must improve the three groups of adult education networks: county, townships, and villages, and vigorously carry out cultural knowledge education, practical production technology training and ideological morality, democratic legal system, environmental protection, family planning and other education. Agricultural production, rural economic and social development services.
Adult education currently includes: adult correspondence, outplacement, night and self -study examinations. The correspondence is about two weeks of concentration per semester. The production is like ordinary college students studying at school. It night is to learn at night or weekends. The above three types are participating in the national unified adult college entrance examination, and it is easier to graduate after admission. The self -study test does not have a unified entry test in the country, but there are many courses in the unified exam, which is more difficult to get a diploma.
Half -rolled cold eaves, obliquely open the door. -When Hu Shawan, I was shocked. I want to be strong. The color of the grass thick river, the roadside of the locomotive road. -Chendhamine Longchi water, desolate royal dust. Whoever said is difficult to walk. I Zhu Junzi, I still have no bad shoulders. -Li Guan Han Sai Yu Luo, Moon White Hu Tianfeng. The Xia Xia Feidan Yingjiang Cao. Net clothes are not wet and rainy, and the balcony cloud. -Thi Bobo is dark today, Luo Mo is sad at midnight. The gentleman is clear. The dragon gate horizontal is broken, and the Yishu came out of the city. -The stars of the machine are falling on the moss. Autumn frost drama falls well. Who can disassemble the cage and fly quickly? -Hangling Mountain is beautiful, and the water is empty. Celebrate Hai Yanhao. Bujin is to me, and he will be ordered to let him. -Chn Wang Sun and go, full of affection. Capture Jinning for merit. (Reton Jin Yizuo Zhao) Is in the later period, Lingyuan Zigeqiu. -5 Resentment to store Yaose, Shao Guang Ning Bilin. Said with Chu and Han attack. The officials are slowly divided, and they are not asking for Rongku. -2 Fengshewu Eagle Strike, Yun Sui Wan Malay. Unconsciously. eping back, although she desires, her mother is next to her. -F Liyun Kong Ship Core, Fangcao's suburbs. Jiaojiao Fengzi. old song plum blossom sings, Xinzhengbai wine biography. -k Zen heart here, there is no need to visit the rooftop. Gukou Zheng Zizhen. Where is good spring, spring prostitute's house. -. Kai Chan Mountain is long, and the sea of shall be sandy. Pennal mirror. Che welcoming the old and giving the old, only the wine. -C Mochou returns to the road, and the moon is accompanied by others. Fan Yin is not open. Itong and Mongolian northern coast, Xiao Yan entered Dongxuan. -C leaves Yang Liu Mo, hand over Shumen. All the fireworks of the country follow the jade.
Brief History of Chinese Adult Education
Adult education was once known as workers and peasants, also known as amateur education. In recent years, with the expansion of education and the diversification of lessons, it has been officially called adult education.
In 1949, the "Common Program" formulated by the temporary constitution in the first Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference clearly stated that "to strengthen the amateur education and in -service cadre education of workers." In 1950, the Government Council (that is, the later State Council) issued instructions to determine that the education and peasant education was listed as the focus of national education. In response to the serious situation of more than 80 % of the total illiterate population at that time, in September of the same year, the Central People's Government issued a call for "literacy education and gradually reducing illiterate". From 1949 to 1966, it was the beginning and development of adult education in New China. From 1966 to 1976, adult education was difficult to develop normally due to the "Cultural Revolution" ten years. Since then, adult education has recovered rapidly and flourished. By 1987, the Chinese government officially confirmed that "adult education is an important part of my country's education", "it is a necessary condition for contemporary socio -economic development and scientific and technological progress." The "Outline of China's Education Reform and Development" promulgated in 1993 clearly stated that "Adult education is a new type of education system for traditional school education to the development of lifelong education, which plays an important role in continuously improving the quality of the whole nation and promoting economic and social development." The Education Law of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1995 stipulates that the state implements the adult education system.
This Chinese adult education objects and content
The functions of Chinese adult education mainly include the following aspects:
Persons who need to change positions in production positions, as well as education and training of cultural knowledge, professional technology and practical ability that they do not have to perform their duties that they do not have to perform their responsibilities; 2. 2. Criticize literacy education; 3. For those who have left regular schools, according to their cultural foundation and actual needs, continue to conduct basic education or higher education, qualified persons can obtain the corresponding graduation certificate; 4. For professional and technical personnel who have received higher education Continuous education with managers to update and expand knowledge and improve their ability; 5. Carry out legal knowledge, maternal and child health, elderly health care, family life, art calligraphy, beauty, hairdressing, cooking nutrition, flower cultivation and other content, social and cultural life education , Educational services for the elderly, women, and even all citizens, civilized, healthy and scientific lifestyles.
This Chinese adult education system and school -running form
The organizer of adult education in China, including the education administrative department of the State Council, province, autonomous region, and municipality directly under the Central Government , Environmental protection, chemical industry, light industry, coal, metallurgy, railway, transportation, agriculture, forestry and other industries, including factory, mining enterprises and institutions, and county, township (town) people's government. At the same time, organizations at all levels, Communist Youth League, Women's Federation and other organizations have also organized or united with the education department to organize school -oriented schools or institutions in this system or region; Individual citizen can also organize adult education institutions for tuition and tutoring cultural courses, vocational technical education courses and social cultural life education courses.
The form of school running, including radio and television universities, employee colleges, peasant colleges, management cadre colleges, education colleges, independent correspondence colleges, adult education organized by ordinary colleges, , Teachers 'further studies), satellite television education, and higher education self -study examinations such as adults, adult technical secondary school schools, adult middle schools, adult technology training schools, farmers' cultural and technical schools, agricultural radio and television schools, and technical secondary school self -study examinations. Primary education. In addition, there are various correspondence, training, and tutoring, and faculty schools. The above -mentioned school -run institutions provide scholars with a variety of learning methods; those who are teaching in full -time classrooms will guide self -study by providing textbooks and recording and video materials; some those who have full output and semi -semi -producing learning, and also use amateur ways to learn. These school -run institutions have opened a variety of majors of arts, science, work, agriculture, medical, financial, education, education, and sports according to their social needs and their own conditions. Seeking scholars' needs to determine the teaching content. Taking farmers' education as an example, due to the adjustment of the industrial structure and the requirements of farmers to become rich, rural adult education has developed from the previous simple literacy and culture to the farmers, forests, animal husbandry, vice, and fishing required for cultural knowledge and development. As well as the training system for knowledge of township industry, commerce, construction, transportation, and service industry.
The school specifications include academic education and non -academic education. Education education includes undergraduate, college, technical secondary school, and middle school. Non -academic education includes blind sweeping, rural practical technical training, job training, vocational qualification certificate education, and education, and education. "Professional Certificate" education and post -university continuing education.
The status quo of adult education in China
from 1978 to 1998, a total of 76.93 million articles were cleared nationwide, and more than 200 million people have reached more than 200 million people since the army. Two -thirds of counties (cities) in the country reached more than 95 %, and urban employees basically removed illiterate. Since 1984, 10 units in my country have won the International Blind Award from UNESCO. According to the plan, the task of basically eliminating the illiterate of young people will be completed by the end of this century. From 1979 to 1998, 500 million rural workers participated in various practical technology training. In recent years, the average annual training scale of rural adult schools at all levels has reached more than 70 million. The country's three -level adult education and training network of counties, townships, and villages has been initially formed.
The number of people participating in post training across the country has developed steadily. From 1986 to 1997, the number of trainers participating in the training of the whole people and collective enterprises and institutions was 348 million. In recent years, the continuing education of scientific and technological personnel and management cadres has been extensively carried out after universities, which have been fully carried out in universities, and millions of people participate in their studies each year.
The 20 years of reform and opening up, adult higher education has graduated with a total of 9.2421 million college students. Since the establishment of the higher education self -study examination system, the number of applicants has reached more than 20 million. In 1998, the number of adult junior, middle schools, and colleges and universities reached 5.3855 million, 67.1277 million, and 2.822 million, respectively.
Recently, the conditions of the school building, teaching instruments, equipment, and teachers of adult education units have been greatly enriched and improved, and the quality and efficiency of school running have continued to improve. At present, there are 962 adult colleges and universities that are independent, 203,900 faculty members, and more than 400,000 adult secondary schools in general colleges and universities with corresponding correspondence and night universities. The school has become an important educational resource in my country.
The management institutions and organizations
The adult education in China is uniformly managed by the Ministry of Education. Among them, the Department of Education and Adult Education, the Department of Higher Education, and the Department of Basic Education are responsible for adult education Related affairs. Provincial, autonomous regions, municipalities, and local (cities), counties, townships (towns) all have adult education management institutions in the education department, and are equipped with full -time managers. The cooperation agencies of non -governmental departments include the National Federation of Trade Unions, the National Women's Federation and the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League. They are responsible for guaranteeing and promoting employees, women, and young people to participate in adult education and learning. The Chinese Association for Science and Technology is responsible for the education and training tasks of scientific and technological knowledge and application technology in adults. Another important partner of the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China is the China Adult Education Association. Established in 1981, it is the mass and academic social groups of adult educators across the country. Its tasks are to promote, organize, and coordinate adult education activities, provide consultation, conduct training, publish publications, and carry out domestic and international exchanges. The Association joined the International Adult Education Council in 1983, and in 1988, and the Asia -Pacific Adult Education Association. There are direct research organizations under the association, such as the Institute of Light Scanning Education, Adult Higher Education Research Association, Enterprise Education Research Association, and Rural Adult Education Research Association. In addition, there are cooperative groups such as the China Employees Education Association and China Continuing Engineering Education Association.
The development strategy
The early 21st century, Chinese adult education will focus on job training, continuing education and community education. Adopting flexible and diverse forms of school running, so that all kinds of laid -off and transfer personnel can receive vocational training or formal education at different levels and years, serve re -employment engineering, and standardize and institutionalize them; vigorously develop modern long -range education and vocational qualifications Certificate education and its continuing education; improve the self -study examination system, form a social and open education network; carry out experimental work of community education, gradually establish and improve the lifelong education system, and strive to improve the quality of the whole people.
In rural areas, we must improve the three groups of adult education networks: county, townships, and villages, and vigorously carry out cultural knowledge education, practical production technology training and ideological morality, democratic legal system, environmental protection, family planning and other education. Agricultural production, rural economic and social development services.
Adult education currently includes: adult correspondence, outplacement, night and self -study examinations.
The correspondence is about two weeks of concentration per semester.
The production is like ordinary college students studying at school.
It night is to learn at night or weekends.
The above three types are participating in the national unified adult college entrance examination, and it is easier to graduate after admission.
The self -study test does not have a unified entry test in the country, but there are many courses in the unified exam, which is more difficult to get a diploma.
Don't consider being a teaching, no future.
The diploma with money.
Half -rolled cold eaves, obliquely open the door. -When Hu Shawan, I was shocked. I want to be strong.
The color of the grass thick river, the roadside of the locomotive road. -Chendhamine Longchi water, desolate royal dust. Whoever said is difficult to walk.
I Zhu Junzi, I still have no bad shoulders. -Li Guan Han Sai Yu Luo, Moon White Hu Tianfeng. The Xia Xia Feidan Yingjiang Cao.
Net clothes are not wet and rainy, and the balcony cloud. -Thi Bobo is dark today, Luo Mo is sad at midnight. The gentleman is clear.
The dragon gate horizontal is broken, and the Yishu came out of the city. -The stars of the machine are falling on the moss. Autumn frost drama falls well.
Who can disassemble the cage and fly quickly? -Hangling Mountain is beautiful, and the water is empty. Celebrate Hai Yanhao.
Bujin is to me, and he will be ordered to let him. -Chn Wang Sun and go, full of affection. Capture Jinning for merit. (Reton Jin Yizuo Zhao)
Is in the later period, Lingyuan Zigeqiu. -5 Resentment to store Yaose, Shao Guang Ning Bilin. Said with Chu and Han attack.
The officials are slowly divided, and they are not asking for Rongku. -2 Fengshewu Eagle Strike, Yun Sui Wan Malay. Unconsciously.
eping back, although she desires, her mother is next to her. -F Liyun Kong Ship Core, Fangcao's suburbs. Jiaojiao Fengzi.
old song plum blossom sings, Xinzhengbai wine biography. -k Zen heart here, there is no need to visit the rooftop. Gukou Zheng Zizhen.
Where is good spring, spring prostitute's house. -. Kai Chan Mountain is long, and the sea of shall be sandy. Pennal mirror.
Che welcoming the old and giving the old, only the wine. -C Mochou returns to the road, and the moon is accompanied by others. Fan Yin is not open.
Itong and Mongolian northern coast, Xiao Yan entered Dongxuan. -C leaves Yang Liu Mo, hand over Shumen. All the fireworks of the country follow the jade.